Global terrorism free essay sample

The word â€Å"TERRORISM† is a word that truly threatens individuals all around the globe .But as a matter of first importance what that this word psychological oppression mean . Fear based oppression isn't new, and despite the fact that it has been utilized since the start of written history it very well may be realatively difficult to characterize. Psychological warfare has been portrayed differently as both a strategy and methodology; a wrongdoing and a sacred obligation; a supported response to mistreatment and an indefensible horrifying presence. Clearly, a great deal relies upon whose perspective is being spoken to. Fear mongering can likewise be expressed as the utilization of savagery to accomplish a political objective. Truly brutality is there; striking dread is there, yet for what reason? It is either to set up an administration or to annihilate one, or to build up a state, or to make one, or to devastate a state. Now and again, fear based oppression has been a way to carry on a contention without the foe understanding the idea of the danger, confusing psychological warfare with crime. As a result of these qualities, fear based oppression has gotten progressively regular among those seeking after extraordinary objectives all through the world. Be that as it may, notwithstanding its fame, fear based oppression can be a shapeless idea. Indeed, even inside the U.S. Government, offices liable for various capacities in the continuous battle against fear mongering utilize various definitions. HOW DOES AMERICAN AGENCIES DEFINE TERRORISM: The United States Department of Defense characterizes psychological warfare as â€Å"the determined utilization of unlawful brutality or danger of unlawful viciousness to teach dread; expected to force or to scare governments or social orders in the quest for objectives that are commonly political, strict, or ideological.† Within this definition, there are three key elementsâ€violence, dread, and intimidationâ€and every component produces fear in its casualties. The FBI utilizes this: Terrorism is the unlawful utilization of power and viciousness against people or property to scare or constrain an administration, the non military personnel populace, or any portion thereof, in facilitation of political or social destinations. The U.S. Division of State characterizes psychological oppression to be planned politically-propelled brutality executed against non-warrior focuses by sub-national gatherings or secret operators, typically proposed to impact a crowd of people. THE RISE OF GLOBAL TERRORISM: What is worldwide fear mongering? How does a fear mongering ascend into a worldwide psychological oppression? At the point when the exercises of any viciousness or fear those been commented as psychological warfare is being done internationally it causes worldwide fear mongering. As it were it very well may be characterized as the fear based oppressor exercises that includes a forigen terrains can likewise be named as worldwide psychological warfare. This worldwide psychological oppression is generally conveyed by an association against any gathering of individuals, country or religion. In a large portion of the worldwide psychological militant exercises the fear based oppressor target is any far off country or including at least two countries or associations internationally. Worldwide Terrorism assaults are generally done so as to augment the seriousness and length of the mental effect. Each demonstration of psychological oppression is a â€Å"performance† contrived to affect numerous huge crowds. Psychological oppressors additionally assault national images, to show power and to endeavor to shake the establishment of the nation or society they are against. This may contrarily influence a legislature, while expanding the renown of the given fear monger association as well as belief system behind a psychological oppressor act. GLOBL TERRORISM is a derogatory term. It is a word with characteristically negative meanings that is commonly applied to ones adversaries and rivals, or to those with whom one differs and would somehow want to disregard. What is called psychological warfare, Brian Jenkins has composed, in this way appears to rely upon ones perspective. Utilization of the term infers an ethical judgment; and on the off chance that one gathering can effectively join the name psychological militant to its adversary, at that point it has in a roundabout way convinced others to embrace its ethical perspective. Thus the choice to consider somebody or name some association psychological oppressor turns out to be unavoidably abstract, contingent generally upon whether one identifies with or contradicts the individual/gathering/cause concerned. On the off chance that one relates to the casualty of the viciousness, for instance, at that point the demonstration is psychological warfare. Assuming, in any case, one relates to the culprit, the vicious demonstration is respected in a progressively thoughtful, if not positive (or, even from a pessimistic standpoint, an irresolute) light; and it isn't psychological oppression. WHAT GIVES RISE TO TERRORISM IN THE WORLD? The one inquiry that everybody pose is the reason there is a requirement for psychological warfare on the planet. this inquiry has numerous answers. First of all psychological warfare is a movement that is brought about by an individual or any associations named as fear based oppressor. So what makes standard people go to fear based oppressor is the principal thing we need to think . I welcome you to ask yourself, how does a delightful infant kid change into a psychological militant? There are numerous unpredictable responses to this inquiry, however in the last examination, it is brought about by gigantic agony prompting enormous wrath, and the coordinating of that rage towards a remote people, for this situation, ourselves. The draw for fear based oppressor bunches looking for newcomers is a proposal of help from this agony, either in this life or the following. As Gordon and Corinne so powerfully expressed, the best way to end fear mongering is to end the torment and enduring which makes it conceivable. These torment and social hardship or some other social issue or resentment against any religion, association or a whole country is the primary driver for the expansion in psychological oppression on the planet . About everybody concurs that in everything change is inescapable. I would add to this that all change is growthful. Indeed, even changes that are apparently backward and destructive inevitably lead to profound affliction, constrained new understanding, and forward development. Along these lines, development isn't discretionary. It is an inescapable piece of presence. The main choice or decision is whether we will develop intentionally and euphorically or unknowingly and horrendously. In mid 1975, the law authorization Assistant Adminstration in the United States shaped the National Advisory Committee on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals. One of the five volumes that the board of trustees composed was entitled Disorders and Terrorism, created by the Task Force on Disorders and Terrorism under the bearing of H.H.A. Cooper, Director of the Task Force staff. The Task Force characterized psychological oppression into six classes. Common issue †A type of aggregate savagery meddling with the harmony, security, and typical working of the network. Political psychological oppression †Violent criminal conduct planned fundamentally to produce dread in the network, or considerable portion of it, for political purposes. Non-Political psychological oppression †Terrorism that isn't focused on political purposes yet which displays â€Å"conscious configuration to make and keep up a serious extent of dread for coercive purposes, however the end is individual or aggregate increase instead of the accomplishment of a political objective.† Quasi-fear based oppression †The exercises coincidental to the commission of wrongdoings of viciousness that are comparative in structure and strategy to veritable fear based oppression yet which by the by come up short on its basic fixing. It isn't the principle reason for the semi fear based oppressors to initiate dread in the prompt casualty as on account of certifiable psychological oppression, however the semi fear based oppressor utilizes the modalities and strategies of the authentic psychological oppressor and produces comparative results and reaction.[75] For instance, the escaping criminal who takes hostagesis a semi fear monger, whose techniques are like those of the real psychological oppressor yet whose intentions are very unique. Restricted political fear based oppression †Genuine political psychological warfare is described by a revolutionaryapproach; constrained political fear mongering alludes to â€Å"acts of fear mongering which are submitted for ideological orpolitical intentions yet which are not some portion of a deliberate crusade to catch control of the state. Authority or state psychological warfare â€referring to countries whose standard depends on dread and persecution that arrive at like fear mongering or such proportions.† It might likewise be alluded to as Structural Terrorismdefined comprehensively as psychological oppressor acts did by governments in quest for political targets, frequently as a major aspect of their international strategy.

Origin and Early Expansion of Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cause and Early Expansion of Islam - Essay Example This change was essentially achieved by the new religion of Islam. Islam detonated upon the world with the abrupt power of a desert whirlwind.1(Hyslop 1991,18) Islam brought together the innate gatherings of Arabia and its authoritative reach expanded with an ever increasing number of individuals being attracted to the new religion. By the start of the eighth century, Islam had spread from India in the east to Spain in the west, making the other antiquated domains look weak paradoxically. This dynamite development of Islam was made conceivable by the social, political and financial states of the individuals winning during the time and the straightforwardness of the religion.. It is undeniable that Islam united various people groups in view of its accentuation on noble cause. Arabia was inhabited by the traveling Bedouin clans just as the brokers and vendors who carried on with a settled life. The Bedouins were poor and had a hard life, while the dealers and traders carried on with a settled existence of solace. Exchange courses from numerous nations crossed in South Arabia. Extravagance merchandise like silk, flavors and valuable stones were brought from India and China by the Middle Easterner dhows, which at that point were shipped via land, in parades to the domains of the Mediterranean and Europe. The Arab merchants who controlled the exchange from India and China to the Mediterranean and European nations turned out to be rich. Avarice of the rich was expanding while the needy individuals endured untold hardships. In 613 A.D, when Mohammad previously began lecturing his new religion, with its accentuation on good cause to poor people, it spoke to the r ich and poor the same. Numerous individuals changed over to the new religion. Another purpose behind the fast ascent of Islam was that religion was not independent from legislative issues in Islam. As per Goldschmidt, Religion was a corporate encounter, a network of adherents bound together by adherence to a typical arrangement of laws and convictions, instead of a private and individual connection between every individual and his creator. Religion and legislative issues were inseparably intertwined.2 (Goldschmidt 2005, 106) At the time, the Byzantine Empire with its capital at Constantinople , and the Sassanian Empire ,had both gotten ruined by consistent wars. The debilitated states of the impressive realms made it simple for the Islamic warriors to vanquish new terrains. The savage effectiveness of the desert warriors and their intensity under Islam added to the unstable battle of conquest.3 (Hyslop 1991, 40) The intrigue of the new religion was incredible it pulled in individuals from varying backgrounds. The fundamental guidelines required to be trailed by the devotees of Islam, who were called Muslims, were just five, and they were basic. The principal rule was, recognizing that there is just a single god who is called Allah, and that Mohammad was his prophet. The subsequent guideline was to supplicate five times each day confronting Mecca. The third standard was to quick during the long stretch of Ramzan. The fourth standard was to pay zakat , a sort of good cause , and the fifth principle was to make a journey to Mecca in any event once in a Muslim's lifetime. The awards for watching these basic guidelines were very appealing for the Arabs. They would share the plunder, just as get alluring prizes in the

Marketing and Entrepreneurship Lessons Learned By Analyzing Gary Vaynerchuk

Marketing and Entrepreneurship Lessons Learned By Analyzing Gary Vaynerchuk In today’s IT era doing business has become more dynamic than before.There are new ways of conducting your business, which has opened a way to many resourceful people, who managed to use their knowledge and the way this system works to create their own forms of business and gain great wealth and respect of other people.That alone motivated a lot of young people to become entrepreneurs and turn their own business ideas into reality.Of course, that process is not a pet walk and it requires a lot of hard work, commitment and in some cases, abnegation from some things in your life.But, as they’ve always said, hard work eventually pays off, so all the sacrifice wouldn’t be for anything. You would have your own firm and perhaps your own brand.And that feeling of fulfillment is something no one else could take away from you.Today, we want to help you achieve your goals by presenting you some advice from one of the most influential people in entrepreneurship and marketing nowadays, Gar y Vaynerchuk or Gary Vee, how people like to call him.First, we will introduce you to who Gary Vaynerchuk is and why he is so important when it comes to modern marketing and entrepreneurship.After that, we will present some of the most useful marketing and entrepreneurship lessons he tends to give to other people, so they could succeed in life just as he did. So, without any further due, let’s begin!WHO IS GARY VAYNERCHUK?Gary Vaynerchuk was born in 1975 in Babruysk, Soviet Union, which is now part of Belarus.At the age of 3, he immigrated to the United States and lived with eight other members of his family in a very small apartment in New York. Later he moved to New Jersey.Ever since the young age, Gary Vaynerchuk showed great potential to be a successful entrepreneur.At the age of 7, he developed a very successful lemonade business, which helped him earn a lot of baseball cards, worth thousands of dollars.At the age of 14, he started working in the family business.During the †˜90s he recognized how useful the internet could become and transferred his father’s company there, to become one of the first e-commerce businesses out there.That turned out to be a huge success since he had managed to increase the sales from $3 million to $60 million per year.During that time he also started his very first YouTube show called WineLibraryTV, which was just tip of the iceberg of everything this young man has managed to achieve since then.The turning point in his career was the speech he gave at Web 2.0 in 2008 in New York. That speech inspired HarperCollins to publish his first book “Crush it!” in 2009, which turned out to be an international bestseller.That along with his other influencer work, helped him gain some money and invest in companies like Facebook, Twitter, Uber and couple more.In 2009 he decided to found VaynerMedia along with his brother AJ, and in only 9 years, the company has grown to have around 800 employees and works with some big clients su ch as PepsiCo, Chase, Johnson Johnson and GE.In 2017, the company acquired PureWow, which is woman magazine, which allowed VaynerMedia to enter publishing space.Despite growing his business, Gary Vaynerchuk continued to do media work he originally started and released several more books that have become the most looked books when it comes to the public speaking and influencing topics.Apart from that, he had also started the online show #AskGaryVee that helps new entrepreneurs with their everyday business issues.This show quickly grew into Gary’s very own vlog, introducing him and his CEO life to other people.As you can see, Gary Vaynerchuk can be very inspirational to some people, with whom they can relate and who could inspire them never to give up on their dreams, because if you work hard enough, everything is possible.MARKETING LESSONS FROM GARY VAYNERCHUKWith the rise of digital marketing and social media platforms nowadays, it is important that new entrepreneurs understand n ot just marketing lessons of old, but also these new marketing systems because, without that knowledge, it would be hard to keep up with the competitors.One of the most influential people when it comes to this topic is, of course, Gary Vaynerchuk, the person who used the internet to boost his father’s business and transform it into the multimillion company in a matter of years and became one of the top influencers when it comes to modern marketing and entrepreneurship topics.That’s why it is only suitable that we take a closer look at his work and present you with the most important marketing lessons you can learn from Gary Vaynerchuk.1. No Excuses!You have probably found yourself in a position where you had to do something but didn’t manage to do it on time.When that happens, most of the people try to make some excuse just so they could feel better about themselves.People would often complain to Gary about the problems they faced and his favorite answer on that kind of questi ons is simply “And?” because not just they are facing those problems, but they are common for most of the entrepreneurs.So he would just answer them with “And? What are you going to do about it?”, which is exactly what we should all do.We should spend less time to complain about problems and more time to try to find the solution to them.This can also be applied to marketing as well.If you notice that your marketing strategy does not produce wanted effects, then do not try to blame it on something or someone else, but instead, try to work your way around it and explore all possible options that could be used to overcome that issue.That is the difference between successful and average people.Successful people do not make excuses. They tend to analyze the situation and see what the problem is, no matter whom or what caused it.They work very hard to solve their problems and improve their business.They do not focus on the cause, but the solution.You won’t hear them say that, fo r example, marketing strategy was bad because it was designed by a person X, but instead, you will hear them explaining what are the reasons that strategy didn’t produce wanted effects and they will try to introduce the best possible solution that could be used to fix the marketing strategy, so it could produce very positive effects.2. Be EnergeticWhen it comes to working in the marketing department or being a sole entrepreneur, it is very important to be energetic about what you do, to seize every good opportunity that comes in your way in order to maximize the efficiency of your marketing strategy.Every little thing may turn out to be very useful, so that is why you need to be focused on your work and put your all into it in order to expect positive results.Most new entrepreneurs tend to fail because they don’t do that.They found a small business, do some work and when they get tired of it, they just abandon it and fail, which is not the right way to be a successful entreprene ur.You have to really commit to what you want to do, to put a lot of effort into making it happen because if you don’t do it, no one else will do it for you.Of course, it is important to have support on the side, like family or friends, but eventually, it is up to you to make your business successful and live your dreams.So, that is why hustle is so important here.Without it, people just fail and get even more depressed when the hardship hits them.Of course, this applies to the market as well.Being energetic in this regard means that you should always be opened to new things because you never know when you might hit that gold vein that would make your business skyrocket.The great example for that is “You can still Dunk in the Dark” situation that Oreo found itself in during the Superbowl blackout.People from Oreo managed to use that unfortunate situation to make something hilarious, which was recognized by a lot of people out there.They managed to do it because they were energ etic about it and used the situation that presented itself in that very moment. 3. Be Ready to SpecializeThe basic concept of how free trade works is that companies and countries try to find out what are their comparative advantages and then focus on those advantages to make products and services and export them to other countries who don’t have comparative advantages in that area.So, basically, we are talking about specialization here. Comparative advantage means that you can do something much more efficiently than your competitors.That way you can focus on doing things you know you can do efficiently and let others do the same with things they are efficient in.That said, you do not have to be afraid to find the field in which you are good at and focus on expanding your business in that field.Of course, that doesn’t mean you should pass on the opportunities to expand into different fields if such opportunities present themselves to you.You should weight the possible positive an d negative outcomes and decide would it even be profitable for you to do it and if it is, then, of course, you should.What specialization means though, is that you should try to create a brand for yourself in the area in which you have comparative advantages.For example, Gary Vaynerchuk did it with his father’s company.Gary was and still is known as “the wine guy” because he started in that field and managed to boost very small business to become very successful.So, you should find the field that suits you, in which you know you could have very positive outcomes and in which you could probably be better than your competitors.When you manage to do that and seize that market, then you will have a stable position in business.After that, you should try to expand your business in both your respected field and new ones.So, do not be afraid to enter new markets and new fields, because it is always good to have your businesses dispersed in case of some serious crisis.4. Divide and Con querIn his book, “Jab, jab, jab, Right Hook!” Gary focuses on what strategies you could use to soften up the defenses your customers have towards your products and services in order for you to successfully sell your product to them.In this book, he says that it is not a good idea to immediately start with a bunch of sales messages, because that might turn off people even more, especially if your brand is new and you do not have a lot of customers.What you should do is try to soften your customers, make them feel important and then try to sell your products.For example, you can give some free samples, so they could try out your product and see if they like it or not.This is probably more important with internet-based businesses.For example, if you focus on online seminars, otherwise called webinars and stuff, then you should try to make some of them accessible for free instead of spraying your website with dozens of expensive videos and courses.A couple of great examples are the websites for e-learning, like Coursera or EdX that offers a lot of free courses to everyone.The catch is that if you want to get a certificate, you have to pay a certain amount of money.Apart from that, a lot of free courses are simply the basics in certain fields, so you can choose to pay for other courses that continue and upgrade what you have already learned in some free courses.As you can see, it is very important to think about your marketing strategy thoroughly, to make your customers feel important and try to bring them closer to your products and services, so they would feel more opened and more willing to spend money on your products.5. Never Give Up!One of my favorite quotes by Vince Lombardi is “Winners never quit, and quitters never win”. It represents how you should do everything in your life.There will be times when you will feel depressed, bad and unwilling to move on with your business, but that is the time where you have to be strong and do not quit and abandon your dreams.It is probably one of the most important features of successful people.When they would face a problem or a series of problems, they would not just give up and shut down their company, but instead, they would try to find the solution to their problems and overcome the issues they have.Sometimes it is hard, yes, but without some effort and sacrifice, you cannot hope to become a successful entrepreneur.Gary used to talk that sometimes he wished his business would fail, just so he could do it all over again.What is he saying right here, is not that you should try to sabotage your own business just to make it work for the 2nd or 3rd time, though?What he means is that no matter how hard it is, no matter how desperate you feel about all the problems that might have hit you and your business, you have to get up and keep moving and work towards resolving those issues.When you notice that your marketing campaign is not going well, you should try to look for what caused the proble m and resolve it.Sometimes though, it is not possible to just move on with the same campaign, so you might have to start over and think more thoroughly next time.The important thing to remember is never to give up!Because if you don’t find the way, no one else will do it for you.ENTREPRENEURSHIP LESSONS FROM GARY VAYNERCHUKLet us now see what we can learn about entrepreneurship from Gary Vaynerchuk.He managed to boost his father’s business and expand it even further, so he has been through a lot of both good and bad things concerning his company and the public speaking business he has been conducting as well.Taking everything that has been said so far into the account, Gary Vaynerchuk is more than the capable candidate to share some advice and personal experience, and the following will be the most important entrepreneurship lessons he has to show you. 1. Be Aware of YourselfThe very first thing to do before starting your own business is to be aware of yourself and your personal skills so you could be able to choose what field you want to specialize into.Self-awareness is also very important when it comes to creating a competent team for your company.By knowing yourself, you can see what are your strengths and weaknesses, so you could find people who complete you, people whose strengths are your weaknesses and vice versa.Some people have a problem to be like this, to be aware of themselves.Those people often tend to choose to develop businesses that are not suited for them, and that is when the problems occur because once the avalanche has started, it is hard to evade it.That’s why it is better to prepare yourself and do the research of your inner self, so you could really focus on things that matter to you, the things you are good at.People who do that tend to become very successful entrepreneurs and they tend to resolve their business issues much easier, which is very important because it is always easier to deal with issues if you know what are your c apabilities and what can you expect from other people.2. Talent is Nothing Without Hard Work“This is ten percent luck, twenty percent skill,Fifteen percent concentrated the power of will,Five percent pleasure, fifty percent pain,And a hundred percent reason to remember the name.”As the lyric of this song suggests, you may have the talent and even some skill, but without working on yourself and your abilities, then it will all be in vain and all that talent could go to waste.Of course, this doesn’t mean you need to work for 20 hours a day without having a decent amount of sleep and rest.That is definitely something you shouldn’t do because it might hurt your health and then the business would not matter much.No, it means you should work as energetic as possible, without slacking and postponing important things and decisions because it could become a habit.And when it becomes a habit, then it usually transfers to your business results as well.Customers could become angry, your annual results would suffer and eventually, you would have to shut down your company or completely change the way you are working, which in some cases might not help since you could lose a lot of reputation because of your past actions.That’s why you need to work hard, follow the schedules, try to keep up with everything and your business could eventually become what it is supposed to be.3. Quality Over QuantityNowadays, the businesses have much larger competition than before, due to the effects of globalization and the internet, which both changed the way the business is done and created a much more dynamic business environment.So, in order to succeed in today’s markets, you will have to think carefully about how you want to conduct your business.More precisely, would you rather be hungry for money and not care about your customers or would you rather think carefully about what your customers want and how you could satisfy their wishes.People often say that the customer is alw ays right, and that is completely true.You may not like what your customer wants, but if there is a demand for something, you should take advantage of that. Because without those customers, you have nothing.So, you need to be able to communicate with your clients and customers, offer them the best possible support and listen to what they are saying because feedback is very important for every business in any type of field.Another very important thing to note here is that honesty is very important in business.Yes, you can cheat and get some money, but it cannot last in long term. You have to think wider and consider future benefits.If you are being honest, your customers will put more trust in you and you will have an easier time communicating with them and they will show less resistance to what you have to offer to them, which is very important in the customer relations area.FINAL WORDThere you go, folks! We have presented to you who Gary Vaynerchuk is and what are the most importan t marketing and entrepreneurship lessons he has to offer.Now, what remains is that you get out there and use this knowledge to become a successful entrepreneur and live your dreams.

Descartes Meditations On First Philosophy - 1079 Words

Throughout Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes argues for the ideas and philosophical beliefs behind skepticism. In his writings, he describes the fallibility and importance of the body of man and through extension the senses with which we observe the world. This paper will first show that within Descartes’ writings the body is an extension of the mind. Secondly, this paper will prove that the senses are a false form of understanding which leads to the deception of the mind. Finally, this paper will address the inconsistency that arises from these definitions of Descartes, specifically the incompatibility of a completely independent mind and a body dependent upon that mind. Within the second meditation, Descartes arrives on the subject of what a body truly is. It is important to point out that Descartes is not arguing for what we consider our body to be, that is, our hands, feet, torso, and all other parts of our physical being, but what a body is in t he general sense, or what it means to have a body. For this, Descartes takes the example of a piece of wax and attempts to determine what the body of this wax is. He first defines it as the various properties that the piece of wax seems to hold in its present state. It has particular tastes, smells, textures, a particular shape, and a specific color. Descartes progresses further in the investigation of the body of the wax by changing these characteristics. 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Then I will go on to explain how it isRead MoreDescartes Meditations On First Philosophy922 Words   |  4 PagesIn Rene Descartes’ excerpt, Meditations on First Philosophy, he proclaims, â€Å"It is beyond question that I shall reach the truth if I think hard enough about the things that I perfectly understand, keeping them separate from all the other matters in which my thoughts are more confused and obscure† ( §104). When Descartes made this statement in his fourth meditation, what was he conjecturing by the term â€Å"perfect?† According to the standard interpretation, perfect encompasses all required or desirable

Essay on Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning - 1472 Words

There are two types of cloning, one of them is reproductive cloning which is when a whole organism is cloned and therapeutic cloning is the cloning of cells, organs or tissues. Cloning is when two cells decide or are forced to duplicate into two cells to replicate each other. Cloning can be done deliberately or naturally; and it results in two copies having identical cells, DNA, genes, organs and organisms. Cloning is a common, ongoing, debatable topic among society today. Many people argue about how future scientific advances in cloning will affect society. Most often people dislike the idea of cloning because it goes against their ethical beliefs, or because they are in fear of it ending up in the wrong hands. But sometimes when the†¦show more content†¦Those who do not have enough confidence in the matter might argue that someone could create super soldiers for war, but with everything comes limitations and law. No matter how many laws are put into place, there will alway s be people there to either abide by them or to break them. As long as the limitations keep such horrible things from happening and there are officers and the government to aid, then there is no issue. â€Å"Also, because there are many benefits to cloning and since not everyone believes in a god why should religion be used in making decisions for people where religious morality is not even an issue? The beliefs of some people should not deprive others of the benefits of cloning. There are those with religious beliefs who think that taking antibiotics or receiving blood transfusions is wrong, but this does not stop the rest of the world from receiving the benefits from them. Science is based on experimentation and observation, while religion is based on faith and things that can not be proven. Making a law based on a religious belief goes against our Constitution. A human clone is and should be thought of as a regular human, they are entitled to have the same basic rights as everyone else. Whether the government bans cloning or not, it is inevitably going to take place. The discovery has been made and curious scientists are not just going to leave it alone. Decisions onShow MoreRe latedEssay on Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning2440 Words   |  10 PagesReproductive and Therapeutic Cloning New areas of science often raise questions about safety. Reflecting back on the past medical technologies invented, people have always opposed it but often benefit from it later on in life. The use of in-vitro fertilization, for instance, was once a controversial issue. Some people worried that society could discriminate against humans produced as a result of IVF and humans could spread diseases. Furthermore, its usefulness cannot be predicted becauseRead More Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning Essay example1484 Words   |  6 PagesReproductive and Therapeutic Cloning Cloning is defined as the â€Å"creation of an exact copy of a living matter, such as a cell or organism† according to Encarta encyclopedia. The copies produced through cloning have identical genetic makeup and are known as clones. Scientists use cloning techniques in the laboratory to create copies of cells or organisms with valuable traits. Cloning is a controversial topic because new areas of science often raise questions about safety. Early experimentRead MoreReproductive and Therapeutic Cloning: Dolly The Sheep1468 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen an increase in the methods in which DNA, Reproductive and Therapeutic cloning and the processes that happen in order for cloning to occur. DNA Cloning occurs when the DNA cell is replicated, an organisms DNA is taken and placed in a Vector also known as plasmid. 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However, this term not only refers to the entire artificial human, but also the reproduction of human cells and tissues. There are two types of theoretical human cloning: reproductive cloning which would involve making an entire cloned human and the other, therapeutic cloning, which would involve cloning cells from a human for use in medicine and transplants by somatic-cell nuclear transfer orRead MoreShould Human Cloning Be Pursued? Essay810 Words   |  4 Pagessome movies, cloning in real life doesn’t produce a full grown exact replica of someone. A type of cloning that occurs naturally is when identical twins are born (â€Å"What Is Cloning?†). Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a type of cloning that has to be done in a lab. In SCNT they take the nucleolus out of an egg cell, replace it with the nucleolus of a somatic cell (body cell with two complete sets of chromosomes), and mak e the egg cell divide into a blastocyst (â€Å"What Is Cloning?†). There areRead MoreThe Human Of Human Cloning1098 Words   |  5 Pages1. INTRODUCTION Human  cloning  is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. However, this term not only refers to the entire artificial human, but also the reproduction of human cells and tissues. There are two types of theoretical human cloning: reproductive cloning which would involve making an entire cloned human and the other, therapeutic cloning, which would involve cloning cells from a human for use in medicine and transplants by somatic-cell nuclear transfer or pluripotent stemRead MoreShould Cloning Be Allowed?1440 Words   |  6 Pageshuman cloning is becoming a feasible practice. Recently there has been a successful cloning of a sheep, so scientists start to speculate the different uses of cloning human embryos. The three forms of cloning that stand out are reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning, and cloning for scientific research. 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Human cloning is the process of using nuclear transfer, (a process of dna transfer) to a human cell in order to grow human cells. Human cloning is necessary and inevitable and research in the fields of reproductive and therapeutic cloning should continue to develop. Human cloning should be legal because reproductive cloning is inevitable and therapeutic cloning provides

A Citizen’s Guide to Democracy Inaction Free Essays

How far can humor go? This question is often asked regarding ribald, lewd, or obscene humor. In these cases, critics often ask whether humor has gone far enough. Critics and questioners ask whether what the comedian presents as humor has crossed the line into the offensive and revolting. We will write a custom essay sample on A Citizen’s Guide to Democracy Inaction or any similar topic only for you Order Now How far has a particular bit humor gone to the bottom of the barrel and how do we know if it has reached the bottom. How far can humor go? That same question may be asked for Jon Stewart’s 2004 humor book America (The Book): A Citizen’s Guide to Democracy Inaction. However, instead of asking how the degenerate the humor is, after reading Stewart’s book, we are forced to ask how enlightening humor can be? Can humor be a tool to scrutinize? To question? To criticize? The likelihood of these possibilities are astonishing, especially when you consider that Stewart’s book is about America and its government and political system. Jon Stewart is the host of the popular comedy program The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. The Daily Show is a satire news program, complete with the familiar news program introduction, faux field reporters and even interviews with current newsmakers. Instead of glorifying news programs, The Daily Show takes pride in crucifying it and the political culture it inculcates. The late-night show is notorious for its no holds barred treatment of politicians and pundits from all sides of the political spectrum. The show prides itself as an equal opportunity offender as it makes fun of all political entities from all sides. This has resulted in great popularity for the show as well as for its host, even generating a spin off show from one of its faux pundits. That said, there are many parallels to be drawn between the Daily Show and America (The Book). While The Daily Show pretends to be a nightly news program, America (The Book) pretends to be a high school social studies textbook. In this regard, America (The Book) is successful as it really does look and feel like a social studies textbook. Its content and outline matches that of common high school textbooks. Its layout is also befitting that of a high school textbook, complete with margin notes, sidebars, interviews with â€Å"noted† individuals and numerous illustrations and figures. It is even complete with end of chapter questions and classroom activities. How to cite A Citizen’s Guide to Democracy Inaction, Papers

Greek Influences on Western Civilization Essay Example For Students

Greek Influences on Western Civilization Essay It is always important to look to the past in order to move towards the future. This was done in the formation of Western Society, and more specifically the formation of American society. The Greek culture served as a frame of reference for many aspects of Western life including government, architecture, math and the arts. Ancient Greek culture served as a very broad base for our society to be built upon. During the age of Pericles, the ideal form of government was believed to be a government formed by all of the citizens regardless of wealth or social standing. This was known as democracy, literally meaning government of the people This government favored the many instead of the few. Athens was a direct democracy, meaning every citizen participated in debates. Western civilization used this philosophy of government by many, and created an indirect democracy where citizens elect officials to make and enforce laws. Geometry, a cornerstone in modern civilization, also had its beginnings in Ancient Greece. Euclid, a mathematician, formed many geometric proofs and theories . He also came to one of the most significant discoveries of math, Pi. This number showed the ratio between the diameter and circumference of a circle. Grecian architecture formed its own conventions in the ancient world, buildings in Greece were built with meticulous mathematic design. Great buildings were believed to be symmetrical, and perfectly proportioned . Another prominent aspect of ancient Greek architecture is the extensive use of columns. There were three basic types used, Doric which were plain capitals, ionic in which the capitals were fashioned after rams horns, and Corinthian which were made to mirror acanthus leaves. These three styles superimposed themselves in modern architecture. Ancient Greek culture has become one of the most profound examples that Western civilization has mimicked. Not only did Greek culture influence one area, it influenced a multitude of aspects of advanced civilization. Although this civilization fell many centuries ago, its contributions to the world will not be soon forgotten.

Existential Therapy for Sexually Abused Children free essay sample

Theory practice, humanistic techniques, patient-therapist relationship, interventions, role of family and effectiveness. ABSTRACT This paper examines existential therapy for victims of childhood sexual abuse. The paper begins with a brief report on the incidence and effects of childhood sexual as well as a short overview of the basic objectives and strategies of the existential theory of therapy. This is followed by a delineation and discussion of various interventions utilizing existential principals and theory as their conceptual foundation. The paper ends with a formulation of conclusions based on the reviewed literature. Existential Theory For Victims of Childhood Sexual Abuse Incidence and Effects of Childhood Sexual Abuse According to Allgeier and Allgeier (1992) between fourteen and twenty-one percent of Americans (mostly women) have suffered..

Jack the Ripper essays

Jack the Ripper essays Jack the Ripper Essay, Page 1 On August 31, 1888, at 3:45 a.m. the body of a woman was found in Whitechapel. Her throat was cut, deeply enough that her spinal cord had been severed. Her abdomen was cut open so much that her skin could be lifted and laid down as a flap to expose her internal organs, some of which were missing. Upon further inspection, the coroner learned her genitals had also been mutilated, with two small stab wounds. On September 8, 1888, at 6:10 a.m. Scotland Yard learns of another murder. The victim was a female, found with her throat cut, and disembowelled. The morning of September 30th would bring a new feeling of unease to Scotland Yard. Two women were found murdered, one of which only had her throat cut. The other, however had facial mutilations so severe that it was nearly impossible to make an identification. Like the previous victims, her throat was cut, and she had been disembowelled. The killer took her uterus and left kidney. Near her body, a bloody piece of her apron, as well as an inscription on the wall reading The Juwes are the men who will not be blamed for nothing were found. Up until this point Scotland Yard was unable to indicate a possible profession the killer may have worked in, as there was no need for a knowledge of the human anatomy. After this murder, however, Scotland Yard began to look for a qualified surgeon, or a surgical student, as the missing organs were difficult to find and remove quickly, unless there was a prior knowledge Then, on November 9, 1888, a fifth woman was found in her home. Her throat was cut, and once again her entire body was mutilated. These women were all prostitutes, or unfortunates as they were called at the time, who lived in lodging houses and workhouses. Fifteen other murders were committed around the same time which tend to be attributed to him as well. Howeve...

National Income Determination Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

National Income Determination - Term Paper Example Two common measures of income are GNP (gross national product) and GDP (gross domestic product). GDP measures the total value of output (goods and services) produced by the factors of production located within the country's boundary in a year. The factors production may be owned by any one - citizens or foreigners. GNP is the total value of output (goods and services) produced and income received in a year by domestic residents of a country. It includes profits earned from capital invested abroad. While taking them both together we get, Economically speaking when the demand for commodity goes up; the production increases. Income leads to expenditure which again leads to production. Thus production, income and expenditure are mutually related; economic activities are related to these 3 stage. Based on this 3 methods are used to calculate national income National income's measurement is necessary for a country due to various purposes; it helps in projection of future course of economy, estimates economic development and how far have they been achieved, helps government to design suitable development policies, helps firms in forecasting the future demand of their product, tells the contribution of various sectors to national income and facilitates international comparison. Various problems rise while measuring national income. ... For e.g. we can not add kilograms of wheat, to meters of cloth, to tones of coal in physical terms. (G.F. Stanlake, 1995). Thus the only common measure is money. Secondly when goods and services have no market price values difficulties are encountered like in public services such as defense, law and order, education and health services. The solution adopted is to measure their values at cost. Then there are problems with the goods and services which people provide for themselves like farmers consume some of their own output or much of repair and improvement work is done by 'do it yourself' basis. Rough estimates are used in these cases in measuring national income. Double counting is yet other problem as the output of one firm are the inputs of other firm; two ways to tackle this is either by adding value of final product or totaling the values added at every stage of production. National output is measured at times in terms of factor cost, using market prices could be misleading thi s is another problem associated with measurement of national income. Measuring national income Three different methods are used based on different views of national income. Firstly the production method in which national income is viewed as the total output from domestically owned resources during the course of year. This is the most direct method where the output figures of all the firms in the country are taken. Exports are included but imported materials and services are excluded (this is automatically done as values added in the country are taken). This will give us GDP and to it add NPIA. Income method the second approach is viewed in terms of incomes earned by factors of production engaged in producing the national output. As the total product is valued at factor cost,

New Economy and the Service Sector Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

New Economy and the Service Sector - Term Paper Example The present paper has identified that countries that fundamentally rely on the service-based economy have advanced economies than those whose economy is not service-based. Nevertheless, the new economy has had an enormous effect on the service sector. In effect, while considering the new economy, this expose is an investigation of the changing scenario in the service sector. In addition, the expose will elucidate on the cardinal principles of service quality. Furthermore, there will be an analysis on how the management of quality can create a much better service offering in organization. New Economy and the Service Sector According to Henwood, the New Economy has its origin between 1996 and 2003. In this regard, Henwood that the finance sector led politicians, businesspersons, economists, journalists, and people to believe that there was an economic change resulting from positive benefits experienced in an extended period. In this case, the developments included advancements in techn ological development, a more focus on work, and enormous global expansions of corporate. In addition, these developments would also include the productivity impact of the technological advancements with an added effect on quality of life (Henwood). Globalization of business and the revolution of the information technology field are the major features of the New Economy (Shepard). In this regard, the New Economy marked the introduction of free trade, market forces, and widespread deregulation in most countries of the world. These countries included former communist countries that disregarded free markets and market forces in their economies. In addition, globalization has led to economic unions growing and becoming more powerful as evidenced by the European Union (EU) and North America's free-trade agreement (Shepard). Nevertheless, the advancements in information technology have led to this revolution. Advancements in technology have become part of our daily lives. From the internet to the faxing machine, cellular phones to computers, these tools have become more than a necessity in human beings life. In this regard, this has led to the digital era in which opening and creation of new industries has become the norm. In this regard, the New Economy emphasizes the need for integrating information technology in businesses in the service sector. As a result, rapid technological changes enhance the capability of businesses in the service sector to get rid of layers of management (Shepard). Consequently, using this technology in the service industries enhances restructuring of industries in the service sector. In effect, this restructuring is crucial to bring efficiency to the service sector due to integration of information technology, which is a feature of the New Economy. Hartley noted that workers in the New Economy engaged in â€Å"knowledge-intensive work and use new information and communication technology to connect to customers and clients around the globe † (qt. in Pupo and Thomas). In effect, this has ensured that the workplace in the service sector has become more flexible. Consequently, flexibility is crucial towards the creation of an enabling environment for enhancing capacity building for more productivity and elimination of hierarchy in the service sector that defined the wages on labor.

International and Domestic Human Resource Management

International and Domestic Human Resource Management INTRODUCTION Human resource management has become an important issue as more and more firms operating internationally are in need to develop an understanding on how to operate competitively in an international business environment (Dowling Welch, 2005). As the global playing field has become more competitive, international companies are forced to  adopt efficient HRM and give more focus to their international than their domestic operations. Due  to the sensitivity of the issue, the concerned HR must address the key issues such as the impact of  globalization, environmental influences, cultural differences, the domestic HRM policies in different  countries and the global workforce involved in the action (Armstrong, 2009). The aim of this essay is to provide a clear overview of the main differences and similarities between  International and Domestic Human resource management. The essay will to some extent discuss the  practice of Human resource management in a domestic and international level together with the  factors that affect this process. Finally, a conclusion will be drawn with an analysis of the research  findings. DEFINITIONS OF DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGMENT When we look at the historic development of Human resource management, we find that it  evolves from the term Personnel management. The gradual development of management  activity from administration of personnel to strategic planning of human resource, has given a  competitive advantage to international companies. Personnel management focused more on  administrative functions and how to control the employee rather than commit the employee to  the organization strategic planning process. But the present Human resource management  system is structured more on the commitment of the staff and involves the employee in the  strategic planning and development process of the organization. It also stress that organizations  should consider their employees as assets than variable costs (Armstrong, 2009, Torrington et al,  2005). It is not quite easy to provide a precise and exact definition of Human resource  management due to the varying and different activities it refers to. One attempt made by Storey  (1995) is HRM is a distinctive approach to employment and management which seeks to  achieve competitive advantage through the strategic development of a highly committed and  capable workforce using an array of cultural, structural and personal techniques. On the other  hand, Human resource management is also defined as representing two activities. One is the  generic term concerned with the key objectives of human activity, which are the staffing,  performance, change management and administrative objectives, and the other activity is the  Human resource approach to carry out the activities stated under the generic term one  (Torrington et al, 2005). In order to clearly see the commonalities and differences shared by Domestic and International  human resource management, identifying the activities which change or evolve when HR goes  International is a vital point. To this effect, a module developed by Morgan (1986) is helpful. The  module presents three dimensions of International Human resource management with various  categories of HR activities, countries involved and employees in International activities. The first  dimension deals with the tasks of Human resource management; the procurement, allocation and  utilization of HR which goes further down to detailed activities mentioned earlier in this paper under  the generic term explanation for HRM. The second dimension deals with three country categories;  the host country where the subsidiary is located, home country of the companys headquarter, other  countries which are source of manpower, finance and other inputs. The third dimension is  concerned with three category of employees; Host-country nationals, Parent-country nationals and  Third-country nationals. Thence, according to Morgan, The interplay between these three  dimensions is what define international Human resource management (Dowling Welch, 2005). At this point, it shows that the elements or issues related to International HRM practice are complex,  higher in number and have broader scope than those found in Domestic HRM practice. In order to  cope up with these complex issues the management may need to choose a strategy-ethnocentric,  Polycentric, regiocentric or geocentric that best fits its business plan. In ethnocentric strategy, a  company uses identical Human resource strategy both at home and in its abroad business activity. The polycentric strategy, with embracing the idea that each country is different in every aspect,  gives foreign subsidiaries autonomy to employ host country nationals and exercises local  appropriate HR practices to the subsidiarys location. Regiocentric approach is when companies are  structured on a regional basis and best regional practices of HR are prescribed. Lastly, geocentric  strategy holds an open for all employment opportunity where, all nationals from the HQ, subsidiary  and third country may be employed. It upholds Best person for the job motto and promotes higher  company integrity with less room for nationality (Storey, 2007). In the next section, the paper will discuss if the HR practices at the domestic level can be  implemented at international level and would try to identify the factors that may facilitate or  hamper this process in general. THE PRACTICE OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGMENT AT DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL LEVEL The increasing business activity at international level has shown the importance of understanding  how Multinational companies can operate efficiently and effectively in the global dimension. In  general, International Human resource management involves the internationalizing company in  different practices such as diverse HR activities than found in the home country, greater involvement  in employees private lives, greater risk of exposure to the human and finance involved, more  external influence from the host country and greater complexity than found at Domestic HRM level  (Dowling Welch, 2005). An International HR manager also needs to address the challenges due to  cross cultural differences, global competition, language and political differences when posted at  international level. Apart from the different intensity level of HR activities and strategic coordination  of different business units, both Domestic and International HRM share same major activities of  HRM. In addition, an International Human resource manager also needs to understand the degree of  soft or hard HRM present in the home base and foreign subsidiaries. Companies with Hard HRM  policy are more business focused and apply cost minimization systems while companies that engage  the employee in participation have Soft HRM policy (Storey, 2007). Dowling Welch (2005) identified some factors that moderate the difference between International  and domestic Human resource management. According to Dowling, these variables are cultural  environment, the industry with which the Multinational is primarily involved, the extent of reliance  of the multinationals on its home country or domestic market and the attitudes of senior  management in international operation. Let us discuss to what extent these variables would act as  moderators between Domestic and International HRM practices. INDUSTRY TYPE One important variable that moderates International and Domestic Human resource management is  the type of industry an MNC is involved in and the international competition it faces. Putting the business playing field in one straight line, let us say we have at one end of the  continuum a multi-domestic industry and the other end a global industry. The multi-domestic end  designates an industry operating in various countries but the completion in that industry type is  specific to the country. While at the other end, the global industry group is about an industry that  operates in different countries but interlinked with other industries in the same group (Dowling   Welch, 2005). Industries that fall under the multi-domestic structure have a free reign and are not strictly  controlled by the Headquarter of the MNC. They exhibit a highly decentralized HR structure and play  a passive role in the transfer of HR practices outside their boarder. Examples for this category can be  distribution agents and insurance companies. The global industry represents a model whereby HR  management transfers management practices abroad and these practices are replicated and put in  use by the subsidiaries. Example for this group includes commercial aircraft companies and  computer manufacturing companies (Dowling Welch, 2004, Beardwell Claydon, 2010). CULTURE The other influential factor in the moderating International and domestic Human resource  management is culture. (Dowling Welch, 2004) Armstrong (2009) define organization culture as the patterns of values, norms, beliefs, attitudes  and assumption that may not have been articulated but shape the way in which the people in the  organization behave and get things done. (Armstrong, 2009, p384). Hofstede in his part put culture  as the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or  category of people from another (Hofstede, 2001, p9). Other authors also have tried to define culture in different ways but in general it is expressed as a  process present in a social environment which holds the rules and regulations and the accepted  norms on how people are expected to behave. According to Hofstede (2001) there are five  independent dimensions of culture that explain the major difference between national groups. The  first is power distance. It is the degree to which members of an organization below the leadership  rank accept and expect the unequal distribution of power. High power distance shows an autocratic  leadership while low power distance denotes a democratic practice. Uncertainty avoidance refers to  the degree in which the people in a society feel uncomfortable for lack of structure and avoid  ambiguity. High uncertainty avoidance exist in countries having a strong rules and job scrutiny as  they try to avoid uncertainties and low uncertainty avoidance is registered in countries promotingà ‚  more lax and flexible social rules and regulations. Hofstede third dimension is the individualism  versus collectivism point. This dimension is concerned with the tendency of peoples response to  identifying themselves either in larger groups or more to themselves. High individualism is scored in  countries like the USA where people mostly identify themselves in small family groups while in low  individualistic countries people prefer to co-habit together and form large social groups. Masculinity  or femininity is the fourth dimension which refers to emotional roles attributed to both genders. It  balances the tough masculine virtue of assertion and aggressiveness with the softer feminine  virtue of emotion and caring. Japan scores high on this regard while Norway is the lowest. The fifth  dimension is the long term versus short term orientation. This dimension deals with the recognition  of status in a society and perseverance. In general understanding the cult ural norms of a foreign country and adapting to the environment would benefit a company in an international level and  more importantly the HR policies of an organization are mostly influenced by the cultural practice  surrounding the organization. Human resource activities like hiring of staff, promoting, rewarding  and dismissal of employees are determined and affected by the cultural practice of the host country (Dowling Welch, 2005). There is a school of thought that stresses the concept of Etics and Emics as an important aspect to  understanding culture in different settings. The Etic concept refers to the culture-common aspect  while the Emic approach deals with culture-specific concepts of behaviour. Understanding the  difference between the two concepts is helpful in cross-cultural business communication. To this  effect identifying which Human resource activity falls under Etic and which falls under Emic is also  crucial as it have an effect on the performance of companies outside their home country (Dowling   Welch, 2005). As noted earlier Emic refers to practices specific to one culture and are not transferrable across  cultures and Etic refers to the common practices found in different cultures and are transferrable  across cultures. Other dimensions of culture that may affect Human resource practices are the  political condition of the country where MNC operate, its economic rank and development and its  legal position. The Multinational companies need to be careful in countries with strong religious  views as they may have both civil and religious laws in use (Dowling Welch, 2005). RELIANCE OF THE MNC ON ITS HOME COUNTRY DOMESTIC MARKET The status of the organizations home domestic market is another moderator differentiating  International Human resource management and Domestic Human resource management. One major factor pushing companies to go outside their home market is the small market demand in  their home country but also the international market may not be their target market for big  companies as they have high demand in their home country. Hence, when analysing company  performance, focusing only on the international market activity may not give the true stand or rank  of an international company. Some international companies originate from small countries with  small domestic demand or saturated domestic market and play a big role in the international  business activity. As an example ABB Company from Switzerland, INTERBREW from Belgium and we  can also mention PHILIPS Electronics originating from The Netherlands. United Nations Conference  on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) made an annual survey on foreign direct investment and with  some detailed analysis made, it published a list and it reveals that Coca cola and McDonalds are  ranked 27th and 39th res pectively. As stated earlier the main reason for this situation is, these big  Multinational companies have high domestic demand in their home country; the USA. This may influence to some extent on their international business practice as well as deprive their managers  an international management experience (Dowling Welch, 2004). MANAGEMENT ORIENTATION The last moderator presented by Dowling Welch, (2004) is the level of orientation of senior  management. Managers from different cultures have different perceptions towards the overall  management system of a company. Lack of knowledge of competitive management skill on an  international level would lead to failure as it may fail to identify and address the issue differently  from the domestic management issue. Beardwell and Claydon (2000) also observe the significance role Multinational companies play in the  world economy and with regard to the interrelation and restructuring of management issue at  international versus the national level wrote Management style, Strategies and policies are  shaped by home business system -the financial, institutional, legal and political framework in  which they developed as domestic firms. Thus there is a persistent country of origin effect in the  behaviour of MNCs whereby the country the MNC originates from, exerts a distinctive effect on the  management style, particularly the management of Human resource. (Beardwell and Claydon,  2010, p19)   On the other hand Taylor et al (1996) presents the exportive, adaptive and integrative models and  explain why the international companies adopt different form of Strategic International Human  resource management. The adoptive models reflect that Human resource policies are designed to  match the local environment of the subsidiary. There would be less transfer of Human resource  practices from the parent company and use differentiation as a priority point. In the exportive  orientation the subsidiary copies Human resource management policies from the parent company. This upholds the integration of global management system and is ethnocentric in nature. The  integrative orientation model is the selection of best HR practice across the world and is more  liberal and flexible in allowing the subsidiary adopts local HR practices (Beardwell and Claydon,  2010). But each orientation requires different consideration in line with the HR policies practiced by  the parent organization. BUSINESS INTEGRATION AND GLOBAL STRATEGY As the global commerce is increasing so has the activities of International Human resource  management becomes an important and more complex than Domestic Human resource  management. While we acknowledge the expanding business activity, there is a school of  thought that support and concur on the alignment of business practices on global scale. The idea  posits three major perspectives towards the practice of Human resource management,  Universalistic, Contingency and Configuration. The Universalistic perspective is about identifying the best standard of Human resource practice  through various and continuous Human resource activities while the Contingency or externally  fit perspective suggests the need for a mix of different policies and practices to get high results  or best HR performance. The Configuration perspective stand for the interaction of business  strategies and HRM practices used to determine business performance (Beardwell and Claydon,  2010). Another observation toward the HR practices in the international level says that, organizations  operating under same environment would be compelled towards a uniform management  practice. This Isomorphic pull as they refer to it or isomorphism has three forms. Management  practices under the Coercive form adopt foreign HR practices due to external pressure, such as  pressures or expectations from the state, Legal or cultural environment. The Mimetic form is  when companies copy HR models from other companies operating on the same line of business  and accept it as the standard form of practice against various uncertainties. The last model is the  Normative and it is a pull resulting from the professionalization functions or widely accepted HR  practices (Brewster et al, 2007). In the practical field most organizations have been confronted with the deregulation of the  market, free global trade and also slow business transactions. To this they have been forced to  apply uniform and cost minimization strategies and as these international companies apply the  prescribed strategies it indirectly put pressure on the host country management system to adopt  /copy same management practice (Bratton and Gold, 2003). EXPATRIATES One important point in International Human resource management is the movement of  employees across national boundaries to foreign country assignments. These employees are  termed as Expatriates while Employees transferred from subsidiary branch into Headquarters  are referred as Inpatriates (Dowling Welch, 2005). As the global business activity of  International companies increased, it demanded high controlling system and follow up of the  subsidiaries business performance. To this effect, MNC have chosen the use of Expatriates,  Parent company nationals, as a controlling mechanism by assigning them in key management  positions in the subsidiary branches of the parent company (Bartlett Ghoshal, 1989). The efficiency of the deployed expatriate may also depend on the adaptability the expatriate on  his/her foreign assignment. A study conducted by Mark Mendenhall and Gary Oddor in 1985  suggests that expatriate success and adjustment depend on several dimensions. The first is self-oriented dimension, which deals with the expat personal competence and adaptability to the  foreign environment. The second dimension is the others-oriented dimension, which consist of  relationship development and willingness to communicate in reference to the reluctance to  assimilate and learn the language of the foreign land. The Third dimension is the perceptual  dimension, which is concerned with the ability of expatriates to comprehend the behaviour of  foreign nationals and the fourth dimension is cultural toughness and this is to gauge how quickly  an expatriate adapts to a harsh environment (Brewster Harris1999). Apart from parent  country nationals, Nationals from host country and third country are also considered as  expatriates. But this paper will focus only on expatriates from parent country nationals to  discuss the main reasons as to why an MNC send an employee on a foreign assignment. Expatriates are assigned in a foreign country as, An agent of direct control- The assigned expatriate is used to control the activities of the subsidiary and ensure its compliance through supervision (Dowling Welch, 2005, Bartlett Ghoshal , 1989) An agent of socialization- The expatriate in question understands the companies values and beliefs and acts as a medium to transfer these qualities of the parent company to the subsidiaries (Dowling Welch, 2005) As network builder- An expatriate having a knowledge pertinent to his/her job qualification will in due course bond with people in different key positions and together build a network of interdependence (Dowling Welch, 2005) As boundary spanner- This refers to activities performed by the expatriate, such as gathering information that bridge internal and external organizational context. It would be the expatriates duty to promote the company profile as well as gather information that may be of use to the betterment of the company (Dowling Welch, 2005) As language nodes- Expatriates with foreign language background would eventually become an asset especially when they repatriate to their home country (Dowling Welch, 2005). The advantages of using expatriates are mainly to maintain organizational control, international  work experience and follow up the fulfilment of the companys objective by the subsidiary. Whereas the disadvantage points are the problem with the adaptability of expatriates to the  foreign environment and the high cost incurred by the parent company to the selection and  training of expatriates (Dowling Welch, 2005). The process of selecting the right person to the  right position is crucial to the success of the oversees mission and it is to noted that an  expatriates success in one environment does not imply that the same expatriate will fill gaps in  all circumstances (Brewster Harris, 1999). To this end, In order to select an expatriate for an international assignment, Dowling Welch  (2005) have set six basic factors which may assist managers in the process. As individual factors  they have set Technical ability, cross cultural suitability and family requirements are listed  essential while in as situational factors country or cultural requirements, language and MNE  requirements need to be analysed and considered in the selection process. In another  perspective Schneider and Barsoux (1997) list nine point they believe are important for the  selection process. They are interpersonal skill, linguistic ability, ability to tolerance and cope up  with uncertainty, motivation to work and live abroad, flexibility, patience and respect, cultural  empathy, strong sense of self and sense of humour. (Dowling Welch, 2005)   In general the extent of the selection criteria is wide and companies need to identify and consider the most important and pertinent points to the position to be filled. CONCLUSION There are various factors that differentiate International Human resource management from  Domestic human resource management. The Globalization of world economies has forced  international companies to adjust and continuously change their company strategy and Human  management systems in order to survive the competition. To this, the function of Human  resource management has become an important subject as it has proved to be a vital point to  the success of International as well as Domestic companies. In this paper various perspectives  towards International Human resource management are discussed briefly. Authors in the field  are also quoted on how the present and future shape of Human resource management is and  would be. In summary, the paper has tried to identify the main similarities and differences  between International and Domestic Human resource management. From the literature review  presented, different internal and external factors are discussed to the complexity of  International human resource management, presented the various interpretation of HRM and  have tried to show how management and the market would dictate the shape of Human  resource management in general.

Lukes Three Dimensions of Power :: Power Society Symbolism Culture Essays

Luke's Three Dimensions of Power   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  "Power serves to create power. Powerlessness serves to re-enforce powerlessness"(Gaventa,1980:256). Such is the essence of the on going relationship between the Powerful and the Powerless of the Appalachian Valley where acquiescence of the repressed has become not only common practice but a way of life and a means of survival. In his novel Power and Powerlessness, John Gaventa examines the oppressive and desperate situation of the Appalachian coal miners under the autocratic power of absentee land-owners, local elites, and corrupt union leaders. His analyses is based on Lukes three-dimensional understanding of power from his book Power: A Radical View. Gaventa applies the three notions of power to the politics of inequalities in the Appalachian Valley and, while demonstrating the inadequacies of the first or 'pluralist' approach and the merits of the second and particularly the third dimensions, asserts that the interrelationship and reinforcing affect of all three dimensions is necessary for an in depth understanding of the "total impact of power upon the actions [or inactions] and conceptions of the powerless"(Gaventa:256)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This essay will examine Luke's three power dimensions and their applicability to Gaventa's account of the inequities found in the valleys of the Cumberland Mountains. Reasons for the mountain people's submission and non- participation will be recognized and their nexus with the power relationship established. In this way, Gaventa's dissatisfaction with the pluralist approach will be justified and the emphatic ability of the other two dimensions to withhold issues and shape behaviour will be verified as principal agents of Power and Powerlessness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The one dimensional view of power is often called the 'pluralist' approach and emphasizes the exercise of power through decision making and observable behaviour. Robert Dahl, a major proponent of this view, defines power as occurring in a situation where "A has power over B to the extent he can get B to do something that B would not otherwise do"(Dahl as cited in Lukes, 1974:11). A's power therefore is defined in terms of B and the extent to which A prevails is determined by its higher ratio of 'successes' and 'defeats' over B.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Observable behaviour then becomes a key factor in the pluralist approach to power. Dahl's Who Govern's? expresses the pluralist belief that the political arena is an open system where everyone may participate and express grievances which in turn lead to decision making. Those who propose alternatives and initiate issues which contribute to the decision making process are demonstrating observable influence and control over those who failed all together to express any interest in the political process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Pluralist approach assumes that in an open system, all people, not

Kant VS Mill

Immanuel Kant was born in April 1724 to a craftsman named Johann George Kant and Anna Regina Porter (Bennagen, 2000). He was trained more in Latin and Religion subjects as compared with science and mathematics consequently forming his concepts and ideas with regards to moral philosophy technically referred to as ‘deontology’ which actually reiterates that an act should only be carried out based on the an individuals’ responsibilities (Bennagen, 2000).John Stuart MillJohn Stuart Mill was born in May 1906 to Harriet Barrow and a well known philosopher, James Mill (Bennagen, 2000). Being exposed to Greek when he was only three years old, Latin when he was eight, he was extremely brilliant, so intelligent that he acquired Greek Literature, Philosophy, Chemistry, Botany, Psychology and law before he turned eighteen years old (Bennagen, 2000).Furthermore, he is accountable for systematically putting together the utilitarian thoughts/concepts/ideas of his father and his father’s friend Jeremy Bentham (Bennagen, 2000). This is where Jeremy Bentham argues and reiterates that actions are correct only if they are inclined to bring into being the utmost happiness for the greatest number of people (Bennagen, 2000). This is simply because advocates of utilitarianism believe that happiness is the main criteria for doing something right or wrong, meaning if something is done and pleasure resulted from it then it is right, however, if pain was brought about from it then surely, it is wrong (Bennagen, 2000).Major Similarities in their Ethical SystemImmanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill’ ethical systems have similarities and these are the following:In act utilitarianism, laws are not taken into consideration as long as the act is said to have brought about happiness to most individuals then it is right (Bennagen, 2000). The same is true with deontology wherein duty is the basis for a right act which means that even if it means breaking the law just as long as the responsibility is fulfilled then the act is definitely right (Bennagen, 2000).  In addition, both cannot always be utilized as a guide to morals (Bennagen, 2000). There are several cases where a decision made based on utilitarianism or deontology fails (Bennagen, 2000).Major Differences in their Ethical SystemThere are differences between the ethical systems of Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill and some of these are the following:In terms of goal, Immanuel Kant’s deontological theory’s goal is to fulfill a certain duty, whereas, John Stuart Mill’s utilitarianism’s goal is to achieve happiness (Bennagen, 2000). This is clearly evident in the definition of the deontological theory which says that individuals ought to stick to their responsibilities in evaluating a moral quandary (Bennagen, 2000). Same is true with the technical definition of utilitarianism where it states that, in an assessment of an ethical issue, the alternative that wil l result in the greatest happiness to the most number of people is the option that is ethically right (Bennagen, 2000).Also, rule utilitarianism considers the law and fairness in finally making an act which is said to be right (Bennagen, 2000). Here, an individual who is about to make an act seriously thinks about making the most number of individuals experience pleasure through fair and just means (Bennagen, 2000). Furthermore, it gives importance to justice, as well as, beneficence (Bennagen, 2000). By justice here, we mean, that everyone involved in the situation are treated fairly, on the other hand, by beneficence, we mean, doing what is good, in opposition to what is evil (Bennagen, 2000). The aforementioned defies deontology in such a way that it does not involve justice and beneficence in it, rather it only focuses on fulfilling the ‘duty’, whether or not it is fair or just to everybody involved (Bennagen, 2000).Major Criticisms for Kant’s TheoryThere are also criticisms for Kant’s Theory and some of these are the following:First of all, since deontology is all about sticking to responsibilities, its rationale or logic is being questioned for it (Bennagen, 2000). For instance, how will individual duties would be defined (Bennagen, 2000)? If for example, if personally I consider my family as my first priority every time and it so happened that I am being called by my supervisor for an urgent or emergency meeting, would it be considered not doing my duty if I go to this emergency meeting that my supervisor has ordered (Bennagen, 2000). Another example is the fact that, citizens have to maintain a certain driving speed, however, an individual is running late for a qualifying exam in medicine, which is a make or break exam for him, would it be considered as not doing his duty if he went a little speedy just to make it to his exam, which is a personal duty for him in the first place. Very clearly, through the aforementioned exampl es, there are no limits or boundaries to this so called duty making it critical, even questionable, as an ethical theory (Bennagen, 2000).Secondly, obviously it is not extremely useful or helpful in making decisions since it is not applicable in all situations, as seen in the examples above (Bennagen, 2000).Last but not least, it is also being criticized because of its self-centeredness simply because it does not really consider the well-being of others (Bennagen, 2000). Going back to the aforementioned examples, it shows that deontology tends to take a certain side wherein the other side not chosen is left unprotected in terms of its welfare (Bennagen, 2000).Major Criticisms for Mills’ TheoryThe criticisms for utilitarianism include the following:First of all, in making a decision using the utilitarianism, it does not always achieve its goal of the experience of the utmost number of people of the greatest pleasure (Bennagen, 2000). If the head of the family decide to unleash his dog in his yard at night to make sure that no one will jump over his fence and to make sure untoward incidences in his home are avoided which may consequently hurt his family, but unfortunately the dog got out of his yard and went over the neighbor’s yard and destroyed the flowers in the garden (Bennagen, 2000)? This means that instead of his family being happy being they were well guarded, other people were terribly disappointed, disturbed, and definitely did not experience happiness as should be the outcome of utilizing utilitarianism as a technique in making ethical decisions (Bennagen, 2000).Secondly, many people criticize utilitarianism for its inadequacy of common sense (Bennagen, 2000). For example, would you give up the one you really love just because your best friend loves him too and for the reason that your family does not like him for you (Bennagen, 2000)? Your best friend will turn out happy and so will your family which complies with the technical definiti on of utilitarianism involving utmost happiness experienced by the greatest number of individuals (Bennagen, 2000). The questions however are ‘what about you’, ‘where is the common sense in that’, and ‘is selflessness common sense’ (Bennagen, 2000)?Thirdly, happiness is undefined here in utilitarianism (Bennagen, 2000). For example, a customer service representative at a certain company has been reported to be sleeping on the job (Bennagen, 2000). Utilizing utilitarianism, the act has been carried out: 1) to correct the mistake of the customer service representative; 2) to serve better more consumers; and 3) to improve the company’s services and be appreciated by more clients (Bennagen, 2000). This may result in happiness for the consumers and the management; however typically, this will not bring in pleasure to the customer service representative being complained about (Bennagen, 2006). This only proves that an act may not always bring in happiness through the use of utilitarianism in carrying out an act (Bennagen, 2000).Last but not least, utilitarianism is being questioned because it violates human rights (Bennagen, 2000). For example, if a Bill is submitted by a minority group leader to be passed as a Law, and will not qualify as a Law simply because majority did not vote for it, then this may jeopardize the rights and happiness of the so called minority groups (Bennagen, 2000). This then may also be justified as an act which is right since happiness is being experienced by the most number of individuals though several people are suffering as well (Bennagen, 2000).ReferenceBennagen, P. (2000). Social Economic and Political Thought. Quezon City: UPOU

Hy Diaries Inc - 899 Words

Case study 3.1: HY DAIRIES, INC. 1. Apply your knowledge of stereotyping and social identity theory to explain what went wrong here. Stereotyping is the process of assigning traits to people on the basis of their membership in a social category. Stereotypes generally have some inaccuracies, some overestimation or underestimation of real differences, and some degree of accuracy. One problem with stereotyping is that stereotypes under certain conditions, such as the degree to which they interact with people in that group. The greatest concern is that stereotyping lays the foundation for prejudice that is unfounded negative emotions toward people belonging to a particular stereotyped group. Stereotyping could aslo be partly†¦show more content†¦Self-awareness is equally important in other ways. Not only that, they also can be use the ways of meaningful interaction that people who interact with each other will be less prejudiced or perceptually biased against each other. Meaningful interaction might occur in many of the international volunteering activities and does more than reduce our reliance on stereotypes. It also potentially improves empathy towards others that is extent to which we understand and are sensitive to the feelings, thoughts and situations ofShow MoreRelatedHy Diaries Inc913 Words   |  4 PagesCase study 3.1: HY DAIRIES, INC. 1. Apply your knowledge of stereotyping and social identity theory to explain what went wrong here. Stereotyping is the process of assigning traits to people on the basis of their membership in a social category. Stereotypes generally have some inaccuracies, some overestimation or underestimation of real differences, and some degree of accuracy. One problem with stereotyping is that stereotypes under certain conditions, such as the degree to whichRead MoreIncome Taxation Solutions Manual 1 300300 Words   |  1202 PagesTaxation, 2013-2014 Ed. Solution to P 4-1 Whether a person is an employee or an independent contractor carrying on business is a question of fact to be judged by the circumstances of each situation. The leading cases are: Sagaz Industries Canada Inc. v 671122 Ontario Ltd., 2001 SCC 59 Wolf v The Queen, 2002 FCA 96 Royal Winnipeg Ballet v. MNR., 2006 FCA 87 Dynamic Industries v. The Queen , 2005 FCA 211 Wiebe Door Services Ltd. v MNR, 2 FC The four basic legal principles that are used to determine